FLOODING

The limited capacity of current stormwater infrastructure faces mounting pressure due to changes in urban density and unpredictable weather patterns. During rainfall, wastewater systems can overflow when collection system capacity is exceeded, blocked, or there is a mechanical failure, which can lead to large volumes of untreated wastewater, toxic materials, and other debris being discharged directly into nearby water bodies. Combined sewage overflows (CSOs) are a significant source of elevated contamination in many regions of the world and are also difficult to quantify and regulate due to their abrupt nature.

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